Vitor Gaspar is director of the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department. Prior to joining the IMF, he held a variety of senior policy positions at Banco de Portugal, including most recently as special adviser. He served as Minister of State and Finance of Portugal during 2011–2013. He was head of the European Commission’s Bureau of European Policy Advisers during 2007–2010 and director-general of research at the European Central Bank from 1998 to 2004.